{
  "groups": [
    { "id": "argumentation", "name": "Argumentation", "color": "#e8452c", "description": "Persuade and convince the audience." },
    { "id": "flow", "name": "Flow", "color": "#f2a12e", "description": "Set the order, rhythm and pace of the story." },
    { "id": "framing", "name": "Framing", "color": "#3fae49", "description": "Shape how facts and events are perceived." },
    { "id": "emotion", "name": "Emotion", "color": "#1fa3e0", "description": "Evoke empathy and an emotional response." },
    { "id": "engagement", "name": "Engagement", "color": "#e5177e", "description": "Make the audience part of the story." }
  ],
  "patterns": [
    {
      "id": "addressing-the-audience",
      "name": "Addressing the audience",
      "aka": "Incorporating the audience",
      "groups": ["framing", "emotion", "engagement"],
      "how": "Speak to the audience directly and make them part of the narrative.",
      "why": "Increases empathy and invites personal comparisons. Makes the data more personally relevant and lets readers use themselves as a measuring device.",
      "example": {
        "source": "Ubisoft",
        "title": "Collapse",
        "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20161122001803/http://collapse-thedivisiongame.ubi.com/",
        "archived": true
      },
      "image": "img/addressing-the-audience.webp"
    },
    {
      "id": "breaking-the-fourth-wall",
      "name": "Breaking the fourth wall",
      "groups": ["framing", "emotion"],
      "how": "The narrator or subject unexpectedly addresses the viewer directly.",
      "why": "Creates a direct connection with the viewer, exposes the artificiality of the presentation and challenges the objectivity of the observation, making clear that this is one interpretation. The surprise grabs attention.",
      "example": {
        "source": "ARTE",
        "title": "Netwars: Out of CTRL",
        "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170125051028/http://future.arte.tv/de/netwars-krieg-im-netz-1/out-ctrl-die-web-doku",
        "archived": true
      },
      "links": [{ "title": "Fourth wall (Wikipedia)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_wall" }],
      "image": "img/breaking-the-fourth-wall.webp"
    },
    {
      "id": "call-to-action",
      "name": "Call to action",
      "groups": ["engagement"],
      "how": "Start by presenting a problem that needs solving or a situation that needs changing. End with a call to action.",
      "why": "Provides motivation, offers an outline for the narrative and gives a sense of purpose.",
      "example": {
        "source": "Angela Morelli",
        "title": "Virtual Water",
        "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170105083956/http://www.angelamorelli.com/water/",
        "archived": true
      },
      "image": "img/call-to-action.webp"
    },
    {
      "id": "compare",
      "name": "Compare",
      "aka": "Juxtaposition",
      "groups": ["argumentation"],
      "how": "Show two or more datasets, categories or points in time side by side, or change a single graphic over time, and draw conclusions from the difference.",
      "why": "Highlights contrast, difference, the absence of difference, or change over time. Leaves room for readers to explore minor differences on their own.",
      "example": {
        "source": "David McCandless",
        "title": "The Billion Dollar Gram",
        "url": "https://informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/the-billion-dollar-gram/"
      },
      "image": "img/compare.webp"
    },
    {
      "id": "concretize",
      "name": "Concretize",
      "groups": ["argumentation", "emotion"],
      "how": "Represent abstract quantities with concrete, familiar objects, often one visual object per data point, as in Isotype.",
      "why": "Makes large, otherwise abstract numbers easier to grasp and more memorable.",
      "example": {
        "source": "Demonocracy",
        "title": "US Debt Ceiling Visualized in $100 Bills",
        "url": "https://demonocracy.info/infographics/usa/us_debt/us_debt.html"
      },
      "image": "img/concretize.webp"
    },
    {
      "id": "convention-breaking",
      "name": "Convention breaking",
      "groups": ["framing"],
      "how": "Use or establish a graphical convention, then break it.",
      "why": "Creates surprise, shows the extraordinary nature of the data, and questions the convention and the assumptions behind it.",
      "example": {
        "source": "Reuters",
        "title": "The Glass Ceiling Persists",
        "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160528022157/http://blogs.reuters.com/data-dive/2013/12/10/gms-new-ceo-is-another-small-crack-in-the-glass-ceiling/",
        "archived": true
      },
      "image": "img/convention-breaking.webp"
    },
    {
      "id": "defamiliarization",
      "name": "Defamiliarization",
      "groups": ["framing"],
      "how": "Present something known and familiar in a novel, unexpected way.",
      "why": "Confronts and challenges viewers’ expectations, highlights implicit assumptions, and forces a fresh look at a well-known case.",
      "example": {
        "source": "ODT Maps",
        "title": "Hobo-Dyer Equal Area Map, south-up",
        "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20161203082216/http://odtmaps.com/detail.asp?product_id=HDP-11x17",
        "archived": true
      },
      "links": [{ "title": "Defamiliarization (Wikipedia)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamiliarization" }],
      "image": "img/defamiliarization.webp"
    },
    {
      "id": "exploration",
      "name": "Exploration",
      "groups": ["flow", "engagement"],
      "how": "Hand control to the audience: let them explore the data freely at the end of a guided narrative, or through simulations and games in which they set the parameters themselves.",
      "why": "The highest degree of active engagement. Readers can test the story’s claims, look up their own cases and reach their own conclusions.",
      "example": {
        "source": "Financial Times",
        "title": "Climate Change Calculator",
        "url": "https://ig.ft.com/sites/climate-change-calculator/"
      },
      "image": "img/exploration.webp"
    },
    {
      "id": "familiarization",
      "name": "Familiarization",
      "aka": "Familiar setting",
      "groups": ["framing", "emotion"],
      "how": "Embed the entry point of a narrative in a setting the viewer already knows, for example their own region.",
      "why": "Lowers the entry barrier and makes the information personally relatable.",
      "example": {
        "source": "OECD",
        "title": "Regional Well-Being",
        "url": "https://www.oecdregionalwellbeing.org/"
      },
      "image": "img/familiarization.webp"
    },
    {
      "id": "gradual-reveal",
      "name": "Gradual reveal",
      "aka": "Gradual visual reveal",
      "groups": ["flow", "emotion", "engagement"],
      "how": "Reveal elements of the data progressively, through visual hierarchy, paging or animation, building up to the whole picture.",
      "why": "Lets the story unfold in the viewer’s mind and chunks the material so it is easier to absorb.",
      "example": {
        "source": "The New York Times",
        "title": "How Gun Traffickers Get Around State Gun Laws",
        "url": "https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/11/12/us/gun-traffickers-smuggling-state-gun-laws.html"
      },
      "image": "img/gradual-reveal.webp"
    },
    {
      "id": "humans-behind-the-dots",
      "name": "Humans behind the dots",
      "groups": ["emotion"],
      "how": "Show that there are concrete entities, such as individual people, behind or at the heart of the data.",
      "why": "Makes abstract data more relatable and can establish an emotional connection between the viewer and the fate of the individuals.",
      "example": {
        "source": "CNN",
        "title": "Home and Away: Iraq and Afghanistan War Casualties",
        "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20161225214619/http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/war.casualties/index.html",
        "archived": true
      },
      "image": "img/humans-behind-the-dots.webp"
    },
    {
      "id": "make-a-guess",
      "name": "Make a guess",
      "groups": ["framing", "engagement"],
      "how": "Ask viewers to guess what they will find before showing it. Without interaction, interrupt the narrative with a question and give the answer afterwards. With interaction, prompt readers to enter or draw their guess.",
      "why": "Stimulates curiosity, engages readers in causal reasoning about the phenomenon, and can lead to a game-like experience.",
      "example": {
        "source": "The New York Times",
        "title": "You Draw It: How Family Income Predicts Children’s College Chances",
        "url": "https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/05/28/upshot/you-draw-it-how-family-income-affects-childrens-college-chances.html"
      },
      "image": "img/make-a-guess.webp"
    },
    {
      "id": "physical-metaphor",
      "name": "Physical metaphor",
      "aka": "Meaningful use of space",
      "groups": ["framing"],
      "how": "Use space and direction of movement to reinforce positive or negative feelings. Frequently, up = good, down = bad, left = retreat, right = progress.",
      "why": "Supports the metaphor, helps viewers construct their own, and uses familiar conventions to ease understanding.",
      "example": {
        "source": "The Guardian",
        "title": "How China’s economic slowdown could weigh on the rest of the world",
        "url": "https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2015/aug/26/china-economic-slowdown-world-imports"
      },
      "image": "img/physical-metaphor.webp"
    },
    {
      "id": "repetition",
      "name": "Repetition",
      "aka": "Again and again",
      "groups": ["argumentation", "flow"],
      "how": "Present a phenomenon several times, changing the main variable, the time frame or the animation while everything else stays the same.",
      "why": "Shows that the same phenomenon happens over and over, and strengthens the narrative through rhythm. A constant frame of reference makes changes and differences stand out.",
      "example": {
        "source": "Bloomberg",
        "title": "What’s Really Warming the World?",
        "url": "https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2015-whats-warming-the-world/"
      },
      "image": "img/repetition.webp"
    },
    {
      "id": "rhetorical-question",
      "name": "Rhetorical question",
      "groups": ["argumentation", "framing", "emotion", "engagement"],
      "how": "Pose a question, often in the title, that sets up the point the piece will make.",
      "why": "Connects narrator and audience, triggers the wish to answer, and implicitly steers readers towards the takeaway of a more open-ended piece.",
      "example": {
        "source": "The New York Times",
        "title": "Can You Live on the Minimum Wage?",
        "url": "https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/02/09/opinion/minimum-wage.html"
      },
      "image": "img/rhetorical-question.webp"
    },
    {
      "id": "silent-data",
      "name": "Silent data",
      "aka": "Hidden data",
      "groups": ["emotion"],
      "how": "Deliberately leave out or hide certain data, like a pause in music.",
      "why": "Emphasizes what is shown by de-emphasizing the rest, creates rhythm, and invites the audience to infer what is missing.",
      "links": [{ "title": "Andy Kirk: The design of nothing (OpenVisConf 2014)", "url": "https://visualisingdata.com/2014/04/talk-slides-from-openvisconf-2014-the-design-of-nothing/" }],
      "image": "img/silent-data.webp"
    },
    {
      "id": "speed-up-slow-down",
      "name": "Speed-up / slow-down",
      "aka": "Speeding up",
      "groups": ["flow", "emotion", "engagement"],
      "how": "Change the pace at which data is presented: accelerate over time, or slow down and pause at key moments.",
      "why": "Speeding up conveys acceleration, momentum and urgency, and can shift from the individual to the group. Slowing down focuses attention on one moment and gives time for reflection.",
      "example": {
        "source": "Periscopic",
        "title": "U.S. Gun Deaths",
        "url": "https://guns.periscopic.com/?year=2013"
      },
      "links": [{ "title": "Hans Rosling: 200 Countries, 200 Years, 4 Minutes", "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbkSRLYSojo" }],
      "image": "img/speed-up-slow-down.webp"
    },
    {
      "id": "users-find-themselves",
      "name": "Users find themselves",
      "groups": ["emotion", "engagement"],
      "how": "Let viewers locate themselves in the data, for example by entering their location, age or body measurements.",
      "why": "Anchors viewers in the piece and makes the data personally relevant. Readers can use themselves as a measuring device.",
      "example": {
        "source": "BBC",
        "title": "Your Olympic athlete body match",
        "url": "https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-19050139"
      },
      "image": "img/users-find-themselves.webp"
    }
  ]
}